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Disciplinary Content
Functions of a Flower -- natural fragrance
The important functions of flowers are mentioned below:
Gametophytes develop in the flowers.
The flowers can produce diaspores without fertilization.
After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into a fruit containing a seed.
The most important function of flowers is reproduction. They help in the union of male and female gametes.
Flowers provide nectar to certain birds and insects, which in turn help in the transfer of pollen from one flower to the other.
Flowers may promote selfing, i.e., the union of sperms and eggs from the same flower, or cross-fertilization, i.e., the union of sperms and eggs from different flowers.
Gametophytes develop in the flowers.
The flowers can produce diaspores without fertilization.
After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into a fruit containing a seed.
The most important function of flowers is reproduction. They help in the union of male and female gametes.
Flowers provide nectar to certain birds and insects, which in turn help in the transfer of pollen from one flower to the other.
Flowers may promote selfing, i.e., the union of sperms and eggs from the same flower, or cross-fertilization, i.e., the union of sperms and eggs from different flowers.
Posted By:
Super Admin
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Functions of a Flower -- natural fragrance
The important functions of flowers are mentioned below:
Gametophytes develop in the flowers.
The flowers can produce diaspores without fertilization.
After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into a fruit containing a seed.
The most important function of flowers is reproduction. They help in the union of male and female gametes.
Flowers provide nectar to certain birds and insects, which in turn help in the transfer of pollen from one flower to the other.
Flowers may promote selfing, i.e., the union of sperms and eggs from the same flower, or cross-fertilization, i.e., the union of sperms and eggs from different flowers.
Gametophytes develop in the flowers.
The flowers can produce diaspores without fertilization.
After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into a fruit containing a seed.
The most important function of flowers is reproduction. They help in the union of male and female gametes.
Flowers provide nectar to certain birds and insects, which in turn help in the transfer of pollen from one flower to the other.
Flowers may promote selfing, i.e., the union of sperms and eggs from the same flower, or cross-fertilization, i.e., the union of sperms and eggs from different flowers.
DISCIPLINARY CONTENT
Posted by: Super Admin
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Navigating Context
What is protein?
Protein in your diet provides energy and supports your mood and cognitive function. It’s a vital nutrient required for building, maintaining, and repairing tissues, cells, and organs throughout the body. While it’s in many of the foods that we eat every day, for something so common it’s often a misunderstood part of our diets.
When you eat protein, it is broken down into the 20 amino acids that are the body’s basic building blocks for growth and energy. The amino acid tryptophan influences mood by producing serotonin, which can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety and improve overall cognitive function.
Most animal sources of protein, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy, deliver all the amino acids your body needs, while plant-based protein sources such as grains, beans, vegetables, and nuts often lack one or more of the essential amino acids. However, that doesn’t mean you have to eat animal products to get the right amino acids. By eating a variety of plant-based sources of protein each day you can ensure your body gets all the essential amino acids it needs.
When you eat protein, it is broken down into the 20 amino acids that are the body’s basic building blocks for growth and energy. The amino acid tryptophan influences mood by producing serotonin, which can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety and improve overall cognitive function.
Most animal sources of protein, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy, deliver all the amino acids your body needs, while plant-based protein sources such as grains, beans, vegetables, and nuts often lack one or more of the essential amino acids. However, that doesn’t mean you have to eat animal products to get the right amino acids. By eating a variety of plant-based sources of protein each day you can ensure your body gets all the essential amino acids it needs.
Posted By:
Super Admin
Posted on: #iteachmsu
What is protein?
Protein in your diet provides energy and supports your mood and cognitive function. It’s a vital nutrient required for building, maintaining, and repairing tissues, cells, and organs throughout the body. While it’s in many of the foods that we eat every day, for something so common it’s often a misunderstood part of our diets.
When you eat protein, it is broken down into the 20 amino acids that are the body’s basic building blocks for growth and energy. The amino acid tryptophan influences mood by producing serotonin, which can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety and improve overall cognitive function.
Most animal sources of protein, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy, deliver all the amino acids your body needs, while plant-based protein sources such as grains, beans, vegetables, and nuts often lack one or more of the essential amino acids. However, that doesn’t mean you have to eat animal products to get the right amino acids. By eating a variety of plant-based sources of protein each day you can ensure your body gets all the essential amino acids it needs.
When you eat protein, it is broken down into the 20 amino acids that are the body’s basic building blocks for growth and energy. The amino acid tryptophan influences mood by producing serotonin, which can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety and improve overall cognitive function.
Most animal sources of protein, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy, deliver all the amino acids your body needs, while plant-based protein sources such as grains, beans, vegetables, and nuts often lack one or more of the essential amino acids. However, that doesn’t mean you have to eat animal products to get the right amino acids. By eating a variety of plant-based sources of protein each day you can ensure your body gets all the essential amino acids it needs.
NAVIGATING CONTEXT
Posted by: Super Admin
Posted on: #iteachmsu
What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? - ADDED
Primer text from The College of William & MaryADHD is one of the most commonly diagnosed conditions of children (Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention, 2015).
In a 2016 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study, scientists found that 6.1 million children aged 2-17 years living in the U.S. had been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is similar to previous en
Ages 6-11: Approximately 2.4 million children
Ages 12-17: Approximately 3.3 million children
The diagnostic term attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) refers to individuals who display patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and overactive behavior that interfere with daily functioning (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013).
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) V (APA, 2013) criteria for diagnosing ADHD listthree types of ADHD and the accompanying characteristics.
In a 2016 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study, scientists found that 6.1 million children aged 2-17 years living in the U.S. had been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is similar to previous en
Ages 6-11: Approximately 2.4 million children
Ages 12-17: Approximately 3.3 million children
The diagnostic term attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) refers to individuals who display patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and overactive behavior that interfere with daily functioning (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013).
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) V (APA, 2013) criteria for diagnosing ADHD listthree types of ADHD and the accompanying characteristics.
Posted By:
Super Admin
Posted on: #iteachmsu
What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? - ADDED
Primer text from The College of William & MaryADHD is one of the most commonly diagnosed conditions of children (Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention, 2015).
In a 2016 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study, scientists found that 6.1 million children aged 2-17 years living in the U.S. had been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is similar to previous en
Ages 6-11: Approximately 2.4 million children
Ages 12-17: Approximately 3.3 million children
The diagnostic term attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) refers to individuals who display patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and overactive behavior that interfere with daily functioning (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013).
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) V (APA, 2013) criteria for diagnosing ADHD listthree types of ADHD and the accompanying characteristics.
In a 2016 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study, scientists found that 6.1 million children aged 2-17 years living in the U.S. had been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is similar to previous en
Ages 6-11: Approximately 2.4 million children
Ages 12-17: Approximately 3.3 million children
The diagnostic term attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) refers to individuals who display patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and overactive behavior that interfere with daily functioning (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013).
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) V (APA, 2013) criteria for diagnosing ADHD listthree types of ADHD and the accompanying characteristics.
Posted by: Super Admin
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Pedagogical Design
Factors that foster attention
Factors that foster attention
Factors that foster attention, positive behavior, and academic and social success includeestablishing positive relationships with students, adopting classroom management techniques,and creating a physical arrangement that facilitates learning.
Factors that foster attention, positive behavior, and academic and social success includeestablishing positive relationships with students, adopting classroom management techniques,and creating a physical arrangement that facilitates learning.
Posted By:
Jhon Carlos 934
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Factors that foster attention
Factors that foster attention
Factors that foster attention, positive behavior, and academic and social success includeestablishing positive relationships with students, adopting classroom management techniques,and creating a physical arrangement that facilitates learning.
Factors that foster attention, positive behavior, and academic and social success includeestablishing positive relationships with students, adopting classroom management techniques,and creating a physical arrangement that facilitates learning.
PEDAGOGICAL DESIGN
Posted by: Jhon Carlos 934
Posted on: Time management system 1
Assessing Learning
Why C++ ? public
C++ is one of the world's most popular programming languages.
C++ can be found in today's operating systems, Graphical User Interfaces, and embedded systems.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs.
C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be adapted to multiple platforms.
C++ is fun and easy to learn!
As C++ is close to C, C# and Java, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to C++ or vice versa.
C++ can be found in today's operating systems, Graphical User Interfaces, and embedded systems.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs.
C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be adapted to multiple platforms.
C++ is fun and easy to learn!
As C++ is close to C, C# and Java, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to C++ or vice versa.
Posted By:
Super Admin
Posted on: Time management system 1
Why C++ ? public
C++ is one of the world's most popular programming languages.
C++ can be found in today's operating systems, Graphical User Interfaces, and embedded systems.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs.
C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be adapted to multiple platforms.
C++ is fun and easy to learn!
As C++ is close to C, C# and Java, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to C++ or vice versa.
C++ can be found in today's operating systems, Graphical User Interfaces, and embedded systems.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs.
C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be adapted to multiple platforms.
C++ is fun and easy to learn!
As C++ is close to C, C# and Java, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to C++ or vice versa.
ASSESSING LEARNING
Posted by: Super Admin
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Organizational Supports for ADHD Students
Primer text from the College of William & Mary.https://education.wm.edu/centers/ttac/documents/packets/adhd.pdf
Many students with ADHD have significant difficulties with organization.
They are more likely to respond positively when teachers establish class routines and set procedures and maintain a well-organized learning environment.
Clear rules and advanced planning are keys to success for teachers of students with ADHD.
The following organizational supports are particularly useful. Students should be taught to use these tools through teacher modeling and guided practice with feedback before being expected to use them more independently.
Assignment Notebook: Provide the student with an assignment notebook to helporganize homework and seatwork.Color-Coded Folders: Provide the student with color-coded folders to helporganize assignments for different academic subjects
Many students with ADHD have significant difficulties with organization.
They are more likely to respond positively when teachers establish class routines and set procedures and maintain a well-organized learning environment.
Clear rules and advanced planning are keys to success for teachers of students with ADHD.
The following organizational supports are particularly useful. Students should be taught to use these tools through teacher modeling and guided practice with feedback before being expected to use them more independently.
Assignment Notebook: Provide the student with an assignment notebook to helporganize homework and seatwork.Color-Coded Folders: Provide the student with color-coded folders to helporganize assignments for different academic subjects
Posted By:
Super Admin
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Organizational Supports for ADHD Students
Primer text from the College of William & Mary.https://education.wm.edu/centers/ttac/documents/packets/adhd.pdf
Many students with ADHD have significant difficulties with organization.
They are more likely to respond positively when teachers establish class routines and set procedures and maintain a well-organized learning environment.
Clear rules and advanced planning are keys to success for teachers of students with ADHD.
The following organizational supports are particularly useful. Students should be taught to use these tools through teacher modeling and guided practice with feedback before being expected to use them more independently.
Assignment Notebook: Provide the student with an assignment notebook to helporganize homework and seatwork.Color-Coded Folders: Provide the student with color-coded folders to helporganize assignments for different academic subjects
Many students with ADHD have significant difficulties with organization.
They are more likely to respond positively when teachers establish class routines and set procedures and maintain a well-organized learning environment.
Clear rules and advanced planning are keys to success for teachers of students with ADHD.
The following organizational supports are particularly useful. Students should be taught to use these tools through teacher modeling and guided practice with feedback before being expected to use them more independently.
Assignment Notebook: Provide the student with an assignment notebook to helporganize homework and seatwork.Color-Coded Folders: Provide the student with color-coded folders to helporganize assignments for different academic subjects
Posted by: Super Admin
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Navigating Context
Set an achievable deadline
Establishing deadlines can help your team members complete their assigned tasks before the project's due date. Doing this can keep them engaged and productive. You can also set multiple team deadlines before the final project deadline to keep team members accountable. Consider using a time tracker app and time management techniques. Doing this can help you understand how everyone works to meet deadlines.
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Super Admin
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Set an achievable deadline
Establishing deadlines can help your team members complete their assigned tasks before the project's due date. Doing this can keep them engaged and productive. You can also set multiple team deadlines before the final project deadline to keep team members accountable. Consider using a time tracker app and time management techniques. Doing this can help you understand how everyone works to meet deadlines.
NAVIGATING CONTEXT
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Posted on: #iteachmsu
Navigating Context
ADHD Students and Classroom Considerations
https://education.wm.edu/centers/ttac/documents/packets/adhd.pdf
The culture of the classroom can either support or create barriers to student success (Piffner,2011).
Factors that foster attention, positive behavior, and academic and social success includeestablishing positive relationships with students, adopting classroom management techniques,and creating a physical arrangement that facilitates learning.
It is often a positive relationship with one teacher that facilitates school success for a studentwith ADHD (Piffner, 2011).
The culture of the classroom can either support or create barriers to student success (Piffner,2011).
Factors that foster attention, positive behavior, and academic and social success includeestablishing positive relationships with students, adopting classroom management techniques,and creating a physical arrangement that facilitates learning.
It is often a positive relationship with one teacher that facilitates school success for a studentwith ADHD (Piffner, 2011).
Posted By:
Super Admin
Posted on: #iteachmsu
ADHD Students and Classroom Considerations
https://education.wm.edu/centers/ttac/documents/packets/adhd.pdf
The culture of the classroom can either support or create barriers to student success (Piffner,2011).
Factors that foster attention, positive behavior, and academic and social success includeestablishing positive relationships with students, adopting classroom management techniques,and creating a physical arrangement that facilitates learning.
It is often a positive relationship with one teacher that facilitates school success for a studentwith ADHD (Piffner, 2011).
The culture of the classroom can either support or create barriers to student success (Piffner,2011).
Factors that foster attention, positive behavior, and academic and social success includeestablishing positive relationships with students, adopting classroom management techniques,and creating a physical arrangement that facilitates learning.
It is often a positive relationship with one teacher that facilitates school success for a studentwith ADHD (Piffner, 2011).
NAVIGATING CONTEXT
Posted by: Super Admin
Posted on: Health Educators
School interventions should include a team approach across multiple settings, consisting of both pre
School interventions should include a team approach across multiple settings, consisting of bothpreventive and intervention strategies.
Interventions must be based upon assessment data that includes information about the student’s strengths and needs as well as the environmental conditions in which her characteristics of ADHD occur.
Interventions must be based upon assessment data that includes information about the student’s strengths and needs as well as the environmental conditions in which her characteristics of ADHD occur.
Posted By:
Derek Matin
Posted on: Health Educators
School interventions should include a team approach across multiple settings, consisting of both pre
School interventions should include a team approach across multiple settings, consisting of bothpreventive and intervention strategies.
Interventions must be based upon assessment data that includes information about the student’s strengths and needs as well as the environmental conditions in which her characteristics of ADHD occur.
Interventions must be based upon assessment data that includes information about the student’s strengths and needs as well as the environmental conditions in which her characteristics of ADHD occur.
Posted by: Derek Matin
Posted on: Time management system 1
The degree to which attention impacts a student’s academic and social performance is related to the
The degree to which attention impacts a student’s academic and social performance is related to the interactions between the student’s academic and behavioral needs and the environmentaldemands.
Therefore, it is not unusual for the student to perform differently across settings.
For example, a student with ADHD may experience academic success in elementary school;however, when he enters middle school, the increased academic and organizational demandsmay increase his need for additional academic and behavioral supports.
Therefore, it is not unusual for the student to perform differently across settings.
For example, a student with ADHD may experience academic success in elementary school;however, when he enters middle school, the increased academic and organizational demandsmay increase his need for additional academic and behavioral supports.
Posted By:
Derek Matin
Posted on: Time management system 1
The degree to which attention impacts a student’s academic and social performance is related to the
The degree to which attention impacts a student’s academic and social performance is related to the interactions between the student’s academic and behavioral needs and the environmentaldemands.
Therefore, it is not unusual for the student to perform differently across settings.
For example, a student with ADHD may experience academic success in elementary school;however, when he enters middle school, the increased academic and organizational demandsmay increase his need for additional academic and behavioral supports.
Therefore, it is not unusual for the student to perform differently across settings.
For example, a student with ADHD may experience academic success in elementary school;however, when he enters middle school, the increased academic and organizational demandsmay increase his need for additional academic and behavioral supports.
Posted by: Derek Matin
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Manual Software Testing
Manual testing is carried out by a tester manually without the use of any kind of automation tool. It can identify visible and hidden defects. This kind of software testing often involves the testers trying the software from the perspective of the end-users. It is among the most fundamental testing processes, and the strategies can range from being fully scripted test cases to high-level guides for exploratory testing sessions.
For newly developed software, manual testing is mandatory before automated testing. Manual testing may require great effort and time, but the result will be bug-free software. Manual testers will require an understanding of manual testing techniques and need not have any automated testing skills. Several sophisticated tools are available but a simple and flexible one to try out is Testpad.
Are you preparing for job interviews? Check out the top Software Testing Interview Questions.
Automation Software Testing
Automation testing involves the use of special automation tools and requires a huge investment of money and resources. It is among the types of testing that aim to minimize manual test cases. Here, testers handle test scripts and return the result automatically. Test suites are recorded by using tools, and these can be played again by the testers as per the requirement. No human intervention is required for automation testing. Some popular automation tools are QTP/UFT and Selenium.
Check out the key differences between Manual Testing and Software Testing in our comparison guide, Manual Testing vs Automation testing.
Types of Manual Testing
There are three types of testing approaches:
White-box Testing
Black-box Testing
Grey-box Testing
White-box Testing
White-box testing is also known as structural testing, glass-box testing, transparent-box testing, or clear-box testing. This kind of testing is executed at the unit level and is based on the internal code structure. The test cases are designed based on the internal perspective of the system and programming skills such as code statements, conditions, branches, paths, etc.
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Black-box Testing
Black-box testing is also known as behavioral testing, specification-based testing, or input-output testing. It is a testing method where testers, without looking at the internal code structure, test the functionality of the software. The tests are based on the requirements and functionality alone. The internal system design is not taken into consideration.
Black-box testing is again divided into two different types of testing: Functional Testing and Non-Functional Testing.
Functional Testing
Functional testing focuses only on the output to verify the functionality of the software and how it fares against the specified requirements. This testing does not involve looking at the actual code. Each function is given a value, and then, the output is determined and verified with the expected value.
Types of Functional Testing
Function Testing has three types of testing viz- unit testing, integration testing, and system testing.
Unit Testing
Unit testing involves a developer separately testing each and every unit of an application. Each source code module is tested in the developer’s environment. This testing is also known as module testing or component testing. Unit testing reduces the cost of bug fixes since the diagnosis is done at an early phase of the development life cycle.
Integration Testing
Integration testing, also known as I&T testing or string testing, involves the testing of the connectivity or transfer of data between unit-tested modules. This type of testing includes the top-down approach, the bottom-up approach, and the sandwich approach.
Integration testing is divided into Incremental Integration Testing and Non-Incremental Integration Testing.
Incremental Integration Testing: Incremental integration testing is a form of testing in which a module is tested before being merged with another module. The integration is then tested before adding another module or component.
Non-Incremental Integration Testing/ Big Bang Method: For integrated testing, this non-incremental technique is referred to as a big band approach. Non-incremental integration, in which all components are merged ahead of time and the complete programme is tested, is sometimes attempted.
System Testing
Also known as end-to-end system testing (E2E testing) is a type of black-box testing that is done on a fully integrated application. Every input in the application is thoroughly verified for the desired output. System testing is the testing of a user’s experiences with the application.
Invest in your dream to become a professional tester, and take up this Selenium Certification by Intellipaat.
Non-functional Testing
Every organization has a separate team for this kind of testing called the non-functional testing (NFT) team or the performance team. Here, the testing is done for non-functional parameters such as stress testing, load testing, recovery testing, volume, security, accountability, etc. These parameters are, however, never tested without first executing functional testing. The main objective is to know whether the software’s response time is as per the requirement as it plays a crucial role in customer satisfaction.
Non-functional Testing Types
1. Performance Testing: Performance testing examines the functionality of software components. These tests uncover flaws in software architecture and design.
2. Usability Testing: Non-functional testing includes usability testing as one of the testing methods. Usability testing is all about ensuring that the software is simple to use for consumers.
3. Compatibility Testing: Customer satisfaction is ensured by compatibility testing, which is also non-functional testing. Its purpose is to see if your software program or product can run in a variety of browsers, databases, hardware, operating systems, mobile devices, and networks.
Grey-box Testing
Grey-box testing, as you may have already guessed, is the combination of both white-box and black-box testing. The testers will have access to design documents and internal coding for the purpose of designing test cases. The testing process here is executed at a functionality level.
Grey-box testing is good at diagnosing context-specific errors of web systems and pays attention to all the layers of any complex system. This helps increase testing coverage. Grey-box testing is primarily implemented in penetration testing and integration testing.
Assessment-- Different Types of Testing
Manual Software Testing
Manual testing is carried out by a tester manually without the use of any kind of automation tool. It can identify visible and hidden defects. This kind of software testing often involves the testers trying the software from the perspective of the end-users. It is among the most fundamental testing processes, and the strategies can range from being fully scripted test cases to high-level guides for exploratory testing sessions.
For newly developed software, manual testing is mandatory before automated testing. Manual testing may require great effort and time, but the result will be bug-free software. Manual testers will require an understanding of manual testing techniques and need not have any automated testing skills. Several sophisticated tools are available but a simple and flexible one to try out is Testpad.
Are you preparing for job interviews? Check out the top Software Testing Interview Questions.
Automation Software Testing
Automation testing involves the use of special automation tools and requires a huge investment of money and resources. It is among the types of testing that aim to minimize manual test cases. Here, testers handle test scripts and return the result automatically. Test suites are recorded by using tools, and these can be played again by the testers as per the requirement. No human intervention is required for automation testing. Some popular automation tools are QTP/UFT and Selenium.
Check out the key differences between Manual Testing and Software Testing in our comparison guide, Manual Testing vs Automation testing.
Types of Manual Testing
There are three types of testing approaches:
White-box Testing
Black-box Testing
Grey-box Testing
White-box Testing
White-box testing is also known as structural testing, glass-box testing, transparent-box testing, or clear-box testing. This kind of testing is executed at the unit level and is based on the internal code structure. The test cases are designed based on the internal perspective of the system and programming skills such as code statements, conditions, branches, paths, etc.
Get 100% Hike!
Master Most in Demand Skills Now !
Black-box Testing
Black-box testing is also known as behavioral testing, specification-based testing, or input-output testing. It is a testing method where testers, without looking at the internal code structure, test the functionality of the software. The tests are based on the requirements and functionality alone. The internal system design is not taken into consideration.
Black-box testing is again divided into two different types of testing: Functional Testing and Non-Functional Testing.
Functional Testing
Functional testing focuses only on the output to verify the functionality of the software and how it fares against the specified requirements. This testing does not involve looking at the actual code. Each function is given a value, and then, the output is determined and verified with the expected value.
Types of Functional Testing
Function Testing has three types of testing viz- unit testing, integration testing, and system testing.
Unit Testing
Unit testing involves a developer separately testing each and every unit of an application. Each source code module is tested in the developer’s environment. This testing is also known as module testing or component testing. Unit testing reduces the cost of bug fixes since the diagnosis is done at an early phase of the development life cycle.
Integration Testing
Integration testing, also known as I&T testing or string testing, involves the testing of the connectivity or transfer of data between unit-tested modules. This type of testing includes the top-down approach, the bottom-up approach, and the sandwich approach.
Integration testing is divided into Incremental Integration Testing and Non-Incremental Integration Testing.
Incremental Integration Testing: Incremental integration testing is a form of testing in which a module is tested before being merged with another module. The integration is then tested before adding another module or component.
Non-Incremental Integration Testing/ Big Bang Method: For integrated testing, this non-incremental technique is referred to as a big band approach. Non-incremental integration, in which all components are merged ahead of time and the complete programme is tested, is sometimes attempted.
System Testing
Also known as end-to-end system testing (E2E testing) is a type of black-box testing that is done on a fully integrated application. Every input in the application is thoroughly verified for the desired output. System testing is the testing of a user’s experiences with the application.
Invest in your dream to become a professional tester, and take up this Selenium Certification by Intellipaat.
Non-functional Testing
Every organization has a separate team for this kind of testing called the non-functional testing (NFT) team or the performance team. Here, the testing is done for non-functional parameters such as stress testing, load testing, recovery testing, volume, security, accountability, etc. These parameters are, however, never tested without first executing functional testing. The main objective is to know whether the software’s response time is as per the requirement as it plays a crucial role in customer satisfaction.
Non-functional Testing Types
1. Performance Testing: Performance testing examines the functionality of software components. These tests uncover flaws in software architecture and design.
2. Usability Testing: Non-functional testing includes usability testing as one of the testing methods. Usability testing is all about ensuring that the software is simple to use for consumers.
3. Compatibility Testing: Customer satisfaction is ensured by compatibility testing, which is also non-functional testing. Its purpose is to see if your software program or product can run in a variety of browsers, databases, hardware, operating systems, mobile devices, and networks.
Grey-box Testing
Grey-box testing, as you may have already guessed, is the combination of both white-box and black-box testing. The testers will have access to design documents and internal coding for the purpose of designing test cases. The testing process here is executed at a functionality level.
Grey-box testing is good at diagnosing context-specific errors of web systems and pays attention to all the layers of any complex system. This helps increase testing coverage. Grey-box testing is primarily implemented in penetration testing and integration testing.
Posted By:
Derek Matin
Posted on: #iteachmsu
Manual Software Testing
Manual testing is carried out by a tester manually without the use of any kind of automation tool. It can identify visible and hidden defects. This kind of software testing often involves the testers trying the software from the perspective of the end-users. It is among the most fundamental testing processes, and the strategies can range from being fully scripted test cases to high-level guides for exploratory testing sessions.
For newly developed software, manual testing is mandatory before automated testing. Manual testing may require great effort and time, but the result will be bug-free software. Manual testers will require an understanding of manual testing techniques and need not have any automated testing skills. Several sophisticated tools are available but a simple and flexible one to try out is Testpad.
Are you preparing for job interviews? Check out the top Software Testing Interview Questions.
Automation Software Testing
Automation testing involves the use of special automation tools and requires a huge investment of money and resources. It is among the types of testing that aim to minimize manual test cases. Here, testers handle test scripts and return the result automatically. Test suites are recorded by using tools, and these can be played again by the testers as per the requirement. No human intervention is required for automation testing. Some popular automation tools are QTP/UFT and Selenium.
Check out the key differences between Manual Testing and Software Testing in our comparison guide, Manual Testing vs Automation testing.
Types of Manual Testing
There are three types of testing approaches:
White-box Testing
Black-box Testing
Grey-box Testing
White-box Testing
White-box testing is also known as structural testing, glass-box testing, transparent-box testing, or clear-box testing. This kind of testing is executed at the unit level and is based on the internal code structure. The test cases are designed based on the internal perspective of the system and programming skills such as code statements, conditions, branches, paths, etc.
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Black-box Testing
Black-box testing is also known as behavioral testing, specification-based testing, or input-output testing. It is a testing method where testers, without looking at the internal code structure, test the functionality of the software. The tests are based on the requirements and functionality alone. The internal system design is not taken into consideration.
Black-box testing is again divided into two different types of testing: Functional Testing and Non-Functional Testing.
Functional Testing
Functional testing focuses only on the output to verify the functionality of the software and how it fares against the specified requirements. This testing does not involve looking at the actual code. Each function is given a value, and then, the output is determined and verified with the expected value.
Types of Functional Testing
Function Testing has three types of testing viz- unit testing, integration testing, and system testing.
Unit Testing
Unit testing involves a developer separately testing each and every unit of an application. Each source code module is tested in the developer’s environment. This testing is also known as module testing or component testing. Unit testing reduces the cost of bug fixes since the diagnosis is done at an early phase of the development life cycle.
Integration Testing
Integration testing, also known as I&T testing or string testing, involves the testing of the connectivity or transfer of data between unit-tested modules. This type of testing includes the top-down approach, the bottom-up approach, and the sandwich approach.
Integration testing is divided into Incremental Integration Testing and Non-Incremental Integration Testing.
Incremental Integration Testing: Incremental integration testing is a form of testing in which a module is tested before being merged with another module. The integration is then tested before adding another module or component.
Non-Incremental Integration Testing/ Big Bang Method: For integrated testing, this non-incremental technique is referred to as a big band approach. Non-incremental integration, in which all components are merged ahead of time and the complete programme is tested, is sometimes attempted.
System Testing
Also known as end-to-end system testing (E2E testing) is a type of black-box testing that is done on a fully integrated application. Every input in the application is thoroughly verified for the desired output. System testing is the testing of a user’s experiences with the application.
Invest in your dream to become a professional tester, and take up this Selenium Certification by Intellipaat.
Non-functional Testing
Every organization has a separate team for this kind of testing called the non-functional testing (NFT) team or the performance team. Here, the testing is done for non-functional parameters such as stress testing, load testing, recovery testing, volume, security, accountability, etc. These parameters are, however, never tested without first executing functional testing. The main objective is to know whether the software’s response time is as per the requirement as it plays a crucial role in customer satisfaction.
Non-functional Testing Types
1. Performance Testing: Performance testing examines the functionality of software components. These tests uncover flaws in software architecture and design.
2. Usability Testing: Non-functional testing includes usability testing as one of the testing methods. Usability testing is all about ensuring that the software is simple to use for consumers.
3. Compatibility Testing: Customer satisfaction is ensured by compatibility testing, which is also non-functional testing. Its purpose is to see if your software program or product can run in a variety of browsers, databases, hardware, operating systems, mobile devices, and networks.
Grey-box Testing
Grey-box testing, as you may have already guessed, is the combination of both white-box and black-box testing. The testers will have access to design documents and internal coding for the purpose of designing test cases. The testing process here is executed at a functionality level.
Grey-box testing is good at diagnosing context-specific errors of web systems and pays attention to all the layers of any complex system. This helps increase testing coverage. Grey-box testing is primarily implemented in penetration testing and integration testing.
Assessment-- Different Types of Testing
Manual Software Testing
Manual testing is carried out by a tester manually without the use of any kind of automation tool. It can identify visible and hidden defects. This kind of software testing often involves the testers trying the software from the perspective of the end-users. It is among the most fundamental testing processes, and the strategies can range from being fully scripted test cases to high-level guides for exploratory testing sessions.
For newly developed software, manual testing is mandatory before automated testing. Manual testing may require great effort and time, but the result will be bug-free software. Manual testers will require an understanding of manual testing techniques and need not have any automated testing skills. Several sophisticated tools are available but a simple and flexible one to try out is Testpad.
Are you preparing for job interviews? Check out the top Software Testing Interview Questions.
Automation Software Testing
Automation testing involves the use of special automation tools and requires a huge investment of money and resources. It is among the types of testing that aim to minimize manual test cases. Here, testers handle test scripts and return the result automatically. Test suites are recorded by using tools, and these can be played again by the testers as per the requirement. No human intervention is required for automation testing. Some popular automation tools are QTP/UFT and Selenium.
Check out the key differences between Manual Testing and Software Testing in our comparison guide, Manual Testing vs Automation testing.
Types of Manual Testing
There are three types of testing approaches:
White-box Testing
Black-box Testing
Grey-box Testing
White-box Testing
White-box testing is also known as structural testing, glass-box testing, transparent-box testing, or clear-box testing. This kind of testing is executed at the unit level and is based on the internal code structure. The test cases are designed based on the internal perspective of the system and programming skills such as code statements, conditions, branches, paths, etc.
Get 100% Hike!
Master Most in Demand Skills Now !
Black-box Testing
Black-box testing is also known as behavioral testing, specification-based testing, or input-output testing. It is a testing method where testers, without looking at the internal code structure, test the functionality of the software. The tests are based on the requirements and functionality alone. The internal system design is not taken into consideration.
Black-box testing is again divided into two different types of testing: Functional Testing and Non-Functional Testing.
Functional Testing
Functional testing focuses only on the output to verify the functionality of the software and how it fares against the specified requirements. This testing does not involve looking at the actual code. Each function is given a value, and then, the output is determined and verified with the expected value.
Types of Functional Testing
Function Testing has three types of testing viz- unit testing, integration testing, and system testing.
Unit Testing
Unit testing involves a developer separately testing each and every unit of an application. Each source code module is tested in the developer’s environment. This testing is also known as module testing or component testing. Unit testing reduces the cost of bug fixes since the diagnosis is done at an early phase of the development life cycle.
Integration Testing
Integration testing, also known as I&T testing or string testing, involves the testing of the connectivity or transfer of data between unit-tested modules. This type of testing includes the top-down approach, the bottom-up approach, and the sandwich approach.
Integration testing is divided into Incremental Integration Testing and Non-Incremental Integration Testing.
Incremental Integration Testing: Incremental integration testing is a form of testing in which a module is tested before being merged with another module. The integration is then tested before adding another module or component.
Non-Incremental Integration Testing/ Big Bang Method: For integrated testing, this non-incremental technique is referred to as a big band approach. Non-incremental integration, in which all components are merged ahead of time and the complete programme is tested, is sometimes attempted.
System Testing
Also known as end-to-end system testing (E2E testing) is a type of black-box testing that is done on a fully integrated application. Every input in the application is thoroughly verified for the desired output. System testing is the testing of a user’s experiences with the application.
Invest in your dream to become a professional tester, and take up this Selenium Certification by Intellipaat.
Non-functional Testing
Every organization has a separate team for this kind of testing called the non-functional testing (NFT) team or the performance team. Here, the testing is done for non-functional parameters such as stress testing, load testing, recovery testing, volume, security, accountability, etc. These parameters are, however, never tested without first executing functional testing. The main objective is to know whether the software’s response time is as per the requirement as it plays a crucial role in customer satisfaction.
Non-functional Testing Types
1. Performance Testing: Performance testing examines the functionality of software components. These tests uncover flaws in software architecture and design.
2. Usability Testing: Non-functional testing includes usability testing as one of the testing methods. Usability testing is all about ensuring that the software is simple to use for consumers.
3. Compatibility Testing: Customer satisfaction is ensured by compatibility testing, which is also non-functional testing. Its purpose is to see if your software program or product can run in a variety of browsers, databases, hardware, operating systems, mobile devices, and networks.
Grey-box Testing
Grey-box testing, as you may have already guessed, is the combination of both white-box and black-box testing. The testers will have access to design documents and internal coding for the purpose of designing test cases. The testing process here is executed at a functionality level.
Grey-box testing is good at diagnosing context-specific errors of web systems and pays attention to all the layers of any complex system. This helps increase testing coverage. Grey-box testing is primarily implemented in penetration testing and integration testing.
Posted by: Derek Matin
